Common Health Issues in Small Breed Dogs

By Tailwisp Editorial TeamUpdated October 17, 20263 min read

Small dogs often live long lives, but they have their own set of typical problems, many of which can be softened with early care.

Dental disease

Crowded teeth and small jaws mean plaque builds quickly, causing gum disease, tooth loss and infection, and bacteria may affect other organs. Brush daily if possible and schedule professional cleanings. See how to brush a dog's teeth.

Luxating patella

The kneecap slips out of its groove, causing skipping or hopping gaits. Mild cases need monitoring, and severe cases may need surgery. See luxating patella in dogs.

Collapsing trachea

Weak tracheal rings cause a honking cough, especially in Yorkies, Pomeranians and Chihuahuas. Use a harness, keep weight down and avoid smoke. See collapsing trachea in dogs.

Heart valve disease

Mitral valve disease is common in older small dogs, with a murmur often the first sign. Cavalier King Charles spaniels are especially prone. See heart murmur in dogs and congestive heart failure in dogs.

Hypoglycemia

Toy puppies can drop their blood sugar if they skip meals or get cold. Signs include weakness, trembling and collapse. See hypoglycemia in puppies.

Other common issues

• Pancreatitis, especially after fatty foods. See pancreatitis in dogs
• Obesity. See dog obesity risks
• Eye problems, such as dry eye and cataracts
• Fragile bones, particularly in toy breeds
• Back disease, in long-backed breeds. See dachshund back problems
• Retained baby teeth
• Anal gland issues. See anal gland problems in dogs

Injury risk

Small dogs can be injured by jumping from furniture, falls and larger dogs. Use ramps, supervise play and take care when carrying.

Toxin risk

Small bodies mean small amounts of toxins can matter. Keep chocolate, xylitol and medications out of reach. See dog poisoning: what to do.

Everyday care

1. Brush teeth daily or as often as you can.
2. Use a harness.
3. Measure meals and keep a lean shape.
4. Schedule regular exams, with dental checks.
5. Provide steps or ramps.
6. Keep them warm in cold weather.

Senior years

Many small dogs reach well into their teens, and senior care deserves planning. See senior dog care guide.

Questions to ask your vet

Ask which conditions your breed is prone to, how to protect the trachea and knees, and how often dental cleaning is advised.

Common mistakes

• Skipping dental care
• Using collars
• Overfeeding treats
• Ignoring a skipping step

Troubleshooting

• My dog coughs when excited: book an exam and switch to a harness.
• She hops on one back leg: ask about patella checks.
• His breath is awful: check his teeth.

A simple plan

1. Care for teeth daily.
2. Use a harness.
3. Keep weight lean.
4. Check heart and knees yearly.

Real-life examples

A Yorkie's cough improves with a harness and weight loss. A Chihuahua gets a dental cleaning and regains energy. A Pomeranian with a mild patella issue stays active with monitoring. Small habits matter.

Little dogs, long lives

Good habits can help small dogs live well into old age.

Handling and safety

Teach children to sit before holding a small dog, and carry the dog with one hand under the chest and the other under the hindquarters. Avoid letting your dog leap from heights, and use baby gates on stairs.

Warm and well fed

Small bodies lose heat fast, so provide a coat in cold weather and a warm bed. Feed measured, regular meals, especially to toy puppies, to reduce the risk of low blood sugar.

The takeaway

Small breeds need dental care, joint and heart checks and gentle handling. Prevention pays off.

This article is general educational information, not veterinary advice. Every dog is different. If your dog is unwell, or you are unsure about a symptom, diet change or medication, contact your veterinarian.